Which of the following describes Bernstein's codes?

• A. Restricted code
• B. Elaborate code
• C. Formal code
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Bernstein’s idea is that there are two distinct language codes used across society, and these codes mirror social class and affect how well students fit in with school expectations. One code is restricted: it’s context-bound, relies on shared experiences, and uses fewer explicit explanations. This means much is understood through implication and shared background, which is common in everyday conversation within certain communities. The other code is elaborated: it’s more explicit and context-free, with clearer grammar, fuller explanations, and language that can be understood in wider settings, including formal schooling.

Because Bernstein centers on these two codes, there isn’t a separate “formal code” in his framework. Therefore a choice that claims all the above isn’t consistent with his theory. The key takeaway is that his codes are restricted and elaborated, and schooling tends to privilege elaborated code, which can contribute to differences in how comfortably students from different backgrounds navigate educational systems.